Adam Kos Nthawi zambiri, timazolowera kuti chinthu chachikulu ndi chabwino. Koma chiŵerengero ichi sichigwira ntchito pankhani ya teknoloji yopanga mapurosesa ndi tchipisi, chifukwa apa ndizosiyana kwambiri. Ngakhale, pankhani ya magwiridwe antchito, titha kupatuka pang'ono ku nambala ya nanometer, ikadali nkhani yotsatsa.
Chidule cha "nm" pano chikuyimira nanometer ndipo ndi gawo lautali lomwe ndi 1 biliyoni ya mita ndipo limagwiritsidwa ntchito kufotokoza miyeso pa sikelo ya atomiki - mwachitsanzo, mtunda wapakati pa maatomu mu zolimba. M'mawu aukadaulo, komabe, nthawi zambiri amatanthauza "ndondomeko". Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeza mtunda pakati pa ma transistors oyandikana nawo popanga ma processor ndikuyesa kukula kwenikweni kwa ma transistors awa. Makampani ambiri a chipset monga TSMC, Samsung, Intel, etc. amagwiritsa ntchito mayunitsi a nanometer pakupanga kwawo. Izi zikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa ma transistors omwe ali mkati mwa purosesa.
Izo zikhoza kukhala chidwi inu
Chifukwa chiyani zochepa nm ndizabwinoko
Ma processors amakhala mabiliyoni a transistors ndipo amakhala mu chip chimodzi. Zing'onozing'ono mtunda pakati pa ma transistors (ofotokozedwa mu nm), m'pamenenso angagwirizane ndi malo operekedwa. Zotsatira zake, mtunda womwe ma elekitironi amayendera kukagwira ntchito umafupikitsidwa. Izi zimapangitsa kuti makompyuta azigwira ntchito mofulumira, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa, kutentha pang'ono komanso kukula kwa matrix omwewo, omwe amachepetsa modabwitsa ndalama.
Zithunzi
Komabe, ziyenera kuzindikirika kuti palibe muyezo wapadziko lonse wowerengera mtengo wa nanometer. Chifukwa chake, opanga mapurosesa osiyanasiyana amawerengeranso m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Zikutanthauza kuti 10nm ya TSMC siyofanana ndi Intel's 10nm ndi Samsung's 10nm. Pazifukwa izi, kudziwa kuchuluka kwa nm pamlingo wina ndi nambala yotsatsa.
Panopa ndi mtsogolo
Apple imagwiritsa ntchito chipangizo cha A13 Bionic mu mndandanda wake wa iPhone 3, iPhone SE 6rd generation komanso iPad mini 15th generation, yomwe imapangidwa ndi ndondomeko ya 5nm, monga Google Tensor yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu Pixel 6. Otsutsana nawo mwachindunji ndi Qualcomm's Snapdragon. 8 Gen 1, yomwe imapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya 4nm, ndiyeno pali Exynos 2200 ya Samsung, yomwe ilinso 4nm. Komabe, ziyenera kuganiziridwa kuti, kupatula nambala ya nanometer, pali zinthu zina zomwe zimakhudza momwe chipangizochi chimagwirira ntchito, monga kuchuluka kwa kukumbukira kwa RAM, zojambulajambula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, liwiro losungirako, ndi zina zotero.
Zikuyembekezeka kuti A16 Bionic ya chaka chino, yomwe ikhala mtima wa iPhone 14, ipangidwanso pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya 4nm. Kupanga malonda ambiri pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya 3nm sikuyenera kuyamba mpaka kugwa kwa chaka chino kapena kumayambiriro kwa chaka chamawa. Zomveka, ndondomeko ya 2nm idzatsatira, yomwe IBM yalengeza kale, malinga ndi yomwe imapereka 45% ntchito yapamwamba ndi 75% yotsika mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu kuposa mapangidwe a 7nm. Koma kulengeza sikukutanthauza kupanga anthu ambiri.
Izo zikhoza kukhala chidwi inu
Kukula kwina kwa chip kungakhale photonics, momwe m'malo mwa ma electron akuyenda m'njira za silicon, mapaketi ang'onoang'ono a kuwala (mafotoni) adzasuntha, kuwonjezereka mofulumira komanso, ndithudi, kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu. Koma pakadali pano zangokhala nyimbo zamtsogolo. Kupatula apo, masiku ano opanga eni ake nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zida zawo ndi mapurosesa amphamvu kotero kuti sangathe kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zawo zonse komanso kuwongolera magwiridwe antchito awo ndi zidule zosiyanasiyana zamapulogalamu.
