Ndi Filip Ngati mukufuna kuyika ndalama, mutha kusangalala ndi zokambirana zathu zatsopano ndi Tomáš Vranka, Senior Account Manager ku XTB. Tikukufunirani kuwerenga kosangalatsa.
Kodi mukuganiza kuti lero ndi nthawi yabwino yoyikapo ndalama?
Inde, nthawi yabwino yoyambira kuyika ndalama nthawi zonse, kapena amatero. Zoonadi, ngati munthu atha kuwoneratu zam’tsogolo, akhoza kuyika nthawi yoyambira bwino. M'zochita, zikhoza kuchitika kuti munthu amayamba ndalama ndi kukumana kudzudzulidwa, mwachitsanzo, 20% m'miyezi ingapo yoyamba. Komabe, ngati tikuganiza kuti sitingathe kuneneratu mayendedwe amsika pasadakhale, komanso kuti misika yamsika imakula pafupifupi 80-85% yanthawiyo, ndiye kuti kusayika ndalama ndikudikirira kungakhale kupusa kwenikweni. Peter Lynch ali ndi mawu abwino pamwambowu kuti anthu ataya ndalama zambiri akudikirira kuwongolera kapena kuviika kuposa pakuwongolera okha. Chifukwa chake, m'malingaliro anga, nthawi yabwino yoyambira ndi nthawi iliyonse, ndipo zomwe zikuchitika masiku ano zimatipatsa mwayi wabwinoko chifukwa misika yatsika pafupifupi 20% kuchokera kumtunda wawo. Chifukwa chake titha kugwirabe ntchito ndikuti misika ikukula nthawi zambiri, tinene 80%, ndipo malo oyambira pano ndiwopindulitsa chifukwa tili miyezi ingapo kuchokera pa 20% yotsalayo. Ngati wina amakonda manambala ndi ziwerengero, mwina amvetsetsa kale kuti izi zimawapatsa mwayi wowerengera bwino pazomwe ayambira.
Komabe, ndikufuna kuyang'ana momwe msika umakhalira nthawi yayitali. Msika wamsika waku US uli ndi mbiri yofananira zaka zopitilira 100. Ngati ndikanati ndifotokoze mwachidule ntchito zake mu ziwerengero zitatu, akanakhala 8, 2, ndi 90. Kubwereranso kwapachaka kwa S & P 500 kwakhala pafupifupi 8% pachaka pa nthawi yayitali, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ndalama zoyamba zimachulukitsa kawiri pachaka. 10 zaka. Ndi chiwongolero cha ndalama cha zaka 10, mbiri imasonyezanso kuti wogulitsa ndalama ali ndi mwayi wa 90% wopindula. Kotero ngati tiyang'ana pa zonsezi kachiwiri kupyolera mu manambala, chaka chilichonse kudikirira kungawononge ndalama zambiri kwa Investor.
Ndiye ngati wina akuyamba kuyikapo ndalama, njira zodziwika bwino ndi ziti?
M'malo mwake, ndingafotokoze mwachidule zosankha zamasiku ano m'mitundu itatu yayikulu. Gulu loyamba ndi anthu omwe amagulitsa ndalama kudzera kubanki, yomwe idali njira yotchuka kwambiri yopezera ndalama ku Slovakia ndi Czech Republic. Komabe, mabanki ali ndi zoletsa zambiri, mikhalidwe, nthawi zodziwitsidwa, chindapusa chokwera, komanso ndalama zopitilira 95% zomwe zimayendetsedwa mwachangu sizikuyenda bwino pamsika wonse. Chifukwa chake ngati mutagulitsa ndalama kubanki, mumapeza 95% kubweza pang'ono kuposa ngati mutagulitsa padera, mwachitsanzo kudzera mu ETF.
Njira ina yotchuka ndi mamenejala osiyanasiyana a ETF. Amakukonzerani kuti mugule ETF, yomwe m'malingaliro mwanga ndi galimoto yabwino kwambiri yosungiramo ndalama kwa anthu ambiri, koma amazichita pamtengo wokwera kwambiri, monga 1-1,5% pachaka cha mtengo wandalama. Masiku ano, Investor akhoza kugula ETF yekha popanda chindapusa, kotero kwa ine mkhalapakati uyu ngati woyang'anira sikofunikira kwenikweni. Ndipo izi zimandibweretsa ku njira yachitatu, yomwe ikugulitsa ndalama kudzera mwa broker. Makasitomala athu ambiri omwe akufuna kuyika ndalama kwa nthawi yayitali amangogwiritsa ntchito ma ETF pama index akuluakulu a stock. Chifukwa chake amakhazikitsa dongosolo loyimilira ndi banki yawo, ndipo ndalama zikabwera muakaunti yawo yogulitsa, amatenga mafoni awo, kutsegula nsanja, kugula ETF (njira yonseyi imatenga pafupifupi masekondi a 15), ndipo satero. muyenera kuchita chilichonse kwa mwezi umodzi. Ndiye ngati munthu akudziwa kale zomwe akufuna komanso nthawi yayitali bwanji, njira ina iliyonse kupatula iyi sizomveka kwa ine. Mwanjira imeneyi, mumayang'anira ndalama zanu, mumakhala ndi chidziwitso chaposachedwa, ndipo koposa zonse, mumasunga ndalama zambiri pamalipiro kwa oyimira osiyanasiyana. Ngati tiyang'ana kutsogolo kwa zaka zingapo mpaka makumi a zaka, ndalama zosungiramo ndalama zimatha kufika mazana masauzande a korona.
Ambiri mwa iwo omwe akuganizabe za kuyika ndalama amakumana ndi nthawi yowononga nthawi yoyendetsera ndalama zawo. Kodi zoona zake n'zotani?
Ndithudi, zimenezo zimadalira mmene munthu amachitira izo. Inemwini, ndimaganizira za magawo oyambira omwe amagulitsa ndalama mu XTB m'magulu awiri. Gulu loyamba likufuna kusankha ndi kugula katundu payekha. Izi zimatenga nthawi. Ndikuganiza moona mtima kuti ngati munthu akufunadi kudziwa zomwe akuchita, ndiye kuti ndi pafupifupi maola mazana ambiri akuphunzira, chifukwa kusanthula makampani pawokha kumatenga nthawi. Koma kumbali ina, ndiyenera kunena kuti anthu ambiri, kuphatikizapo ine, omwe amalowa mu studioyi amasangalala kwambiri, ndipo ndi ntchito yosangalatsa.
Koma pali gulu lachiwiri la anthu omwe akuyang'ana chiŵerengero chabwino kwambiri pakati pa nthawi, kubwereranso ndi chiopsezo. Ma ETF a index ndi abwino kwambiri pagululi. Awa ndi madengu a masheya komwe nthawi zambiri mumakhala ndi makampani mazana ambiri kutengera kukula kwawo. Mlozerawu umadzilamulira pawokha, ndiye ngati kampani sikuyenda bwino, imasiya index, ngati kampaniyo ikuchita bwino, kulemera kwake kumawonjezeka mu index, kotero ndi njira yodzilamulira yokha yomwe imasankha. masheya ndi chiŵerengero chawo mu mbiri yanu. Inemwini, ndimawona ma ETF kukhala chida choyenera kwa anthu ambiri ndendende chifukwa chakupulumutsa nthawi. Apanso, ndikuyesa kunena kuti maola ochepa ndi okwanira kuti ayambe kuphunzira, momwe zimakhala zokwanira kuti munthu amvetse momwe ma ETF amagwirira ntchito, zomwe zili, ndi kuyamikira kotani komwe munthu angayembekezere komanso momwe angachitire. gulani iwo.
Aliyense amene akufuna kuphunzira momwe angagwiritsire ntchito ndalama zambiri ayenera kuyamba?
Pali zambiri pa intaneti masiku ano, koma osonkhezera ambiri amakopa chidwi chamunthu ndikukopa phindu lalikulu. Monga tawonetsera pamwambapa, mbiri yakale yobwereranso imakhala pafupifupi 8% pachaka ndipo ndalama zambiri kapena anthu sakwaniritsa ngakhale mtengo umenewu. Chifukwa chake ngati wina akupatsani zochulukirapo, mwina akunama kapena kupitilira zomwe akudziwa komanso luso lawo. Pali osunga ndalama ochepa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi omwe amapambana kwambiri msika wamsika wonse pakapita nthawi.
Kuyika ndalama kuyenera kufikiridwa moyenera, ndi maola ochepa kapena maola angapo ophunzirira komanso zoyembekeza zenizeni. Chifukwa chake mwaukadaulo ndikosavuta kuti muyambe, ingolembetsani akaunti ndi broker, tumizani ndalama ndikugula masheya kapena ma ETF. Koma chofunika kwambiri komanso chovuta kwambiri ndi mbali yamaganizo ya zinthu - kutsimikiza mtima kuyamba, kutsimikiza mtima kuphunzira, kupeza zothandizira, ndi zina zotero.
Pachifukwa ichi, takonzerani inu maphunziro a ETFs ndi masheya, pomwe tafotokoza zoyambira m'maola 4 a makanema kuti tidutse. Mumavidiyo asanu ndi atatu pafupifupi theka la ola, tiwona chilichonse kuyambira pazoyambira, kufananiza zabwino ndi zoyipa za masheya ndi ma ETF, kuzizindikiro zachuma, kuzinthu zotsimikizika zomwe ndimagwiritsa ntchito ndekha.
Ndikudziwa kuti anthu nthawi zonse safuna kuyambitsa zinthu zatsopano akamaganizira kuchuluka kwa ntchito zomwe zimabweretsa. Ndikalankhula ndi abwenzi ndi achibale za mutu uwu, ndithudi amadza, ndipo akamakangana kuti akufuna aganyali koma ndi zovuta kwambiri, ine ndimakonda kuwauza zotsatirazi. Kuyika ndalama komanso kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe mumapeza ndi za anthu ambiri zomwe zimakhala zazikulu kwambiri pamoyo wawo kapena zachiwiri pogula nyumba yawoyawo. Komabe, pazifukwa zina zachilendo, anthu sali okonzeka kuthera maola angapo akuphunzira ku chinachake chomwe chidzawabweretsere akorona mamiliyoni angapo mtsogolo; ngati mtunda wautali ndi wokwanira ndipo ndalamazo ndizokwera (mwachitsanzo, CZK 10 pamwezi kwa zaka 000), titha kufika mamiliyoni ambiri a kournas. Komano, mwachitsanzo, posankha galimoto, amene kwenikweni dongosolo la ukulu m'munsi ndalama, iwo alibe vuto kuthera maola ambiri kufufuza, kulemba ganyu alangizi osiyanasiyana, etc. Choncho, musayang'ane njira zazifupi, musakhale kuwopa kuyamba ndi kukonzekera kuti mwatsala pang'ono kuthetsa ndalama zazikulu kwambiri pamoyo wanu, chifukwa chake, muyenera kuzifikira moyenera.
Ndi zoopsa ziti zomwe oyamba kumene amazichepetsa?
Ndafotokoza kale zina mwa izo pamwambapa. Ndizokhudza kupeza njira yachidule ku zotsatira zomwe mukufuna. Monga Warren Buffett adanena pamene woyambitsa Amazon Jeff Bezos adamufunsa chifukwa chake anthu samangomutengera, pamene njira yake ndi yosavuta, anthu ambiri safuna kulemera pang'onopang'ono. Kuphatikiza apo, ndingakhalenso osamala kwambiri kuti ndisakopeke ndi "akatswiri" ena a pa intaneti omwe amalonjeza kuyamikira kwakukulu, kapena kutengeka ndi unyinji womwe umayamba mosasamala kugula masheya osiyanasiyana popanda kusanthula mwatsatanetsatane. Kuyika ndalama ndikosavuta ndi zosankha zamasiku ano za ETF, koma muyenera kuyamba ndi zoyambira ndikumvetsetsa.
Kodi pali mawu omaliza aupangiri kwa osunga ndalama?
Palibe chifukwa choopa kuyika ndalama. Pano ndi "zachilendo", koma m'mayiko otukuka kale ndi gawo lofala la moyo wa anthu ambiri. Timakonda kudzifananiza tokha ndi Kumadzulo, ndipo chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe anthu amakhalira bwino ndi njira yodalirika komanso yogwira ntchito ya ndalama. Kuphatikiza apo, ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti muyambe posachedwa ndipo musawope kuti mudzayenera kupereka maola angapo chifukwa chake. Chifukwa chake, musayesedwe ndi masomphenya opeza ndalama mwachangu, kuyika ndalama si sprint, koma marathon. Pali mwayi pamsika, muyenera kungophunzira moleza mtima ndikuchita zinthu zazing'ono pafupipafupi komanso kwanthawi yayitali.
