Tomas Chlebek Pamene Steve Jobs adayambitsa kompyuta ya NEXT mu 1988, adalankhula za izi ngati gawo lalikulu la mbiri yamakompyuta. Kumapeto kwa Januware chaka chino, kujambula koyamba kwa chochitikachi kuyambira pamenepo kudawonekera pa intaneti.
Gawo lalikulu la kupanga Kanema wa Steve Jobs, yemwe adayamba mu theka loyamba la chaka chatha, anali kulumikizana ndi anthu ambiri okhudzana ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zenizeni za Steve Jobs ndi Apple kuyambira nthawi yomwe filimuyi imachitika. Popeza chimodzi mwa magawo ake atatu chidzachitika asanakhazikitsidwe makompyuta a NEXT, kuyesetsa kwa ogwira nawo ntchito kunali kuti adziwe zambiri za chochitikacho.
Mosayembekezeka, chimodzi mwa zotulukapo za kuyesayesa kumeneku chinali vidiyo yojambula ulaliki wonse wa Jobs komanso mafunso otsatirawa atolankhani. Kanemayu anali pa matepi awiri a VHS azaka 27 m'manja mwa wogwira ntchito wakale wa NEXT. Mothandizidwa ndi RDF Productions ndi SPY Post ndi Herb Philpott, Todd A. Marks, Perry Freeze, Keith Ohlfs ndi Tom Frikker, yasinthidwa pakompyuta ndikubwezeretsedwa ku mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri.
Popeza kuti gwerolo linali makope osati zolemba zoyambirira, komanso, zotengedwa pa kaseti yomwe chinachake chinali chitalembedwa kale, kufufuza kwa Baibulo losungidwa kwambiri kukupitirirabe. Yamakono, chifukwa cha chithunzi chakuda kwambiri, imangopereka chithunzithunzi chazithunzithunzi chomwe chikuwonetsedwa pazenera kuseri kwa Jobs. Koma za ulaliki womwewo mu kamphindi, tiyeni tikumbukire kaye zomwe zidatsogolera.
Zotsatira zake (ndi kupitiriza?) za kugwa kwa Jobs
Masomphenya a Jobs pakompyuta yamunthu, Macintosh, adakwaniritsidwa mu 1983 ndipo adakhazikitsidwa koyambirira kwa 1984. Steve Jobs amayembekeza kuti adzakhala wopambana kwambiri ndikutenga udindo wa ndalama zazikulu za Apple kuchokera ku Apple II yakale. Koma Macintosh inali yokwera mtengo kwambiri, ndipo ngakhale idapeza otsatira odzipereka, idatayika pamsika wodzaza ndi makope otsika mtengo.
Zotsatira zake, John Sculley, yemwe anali CEO wa Apple, adaganiza zokonzanso kampaniyo ndikuyika pambali Steve Jobs pa udindo wake monga mkulu wa gulu la Macintosh. Ngakhale adamupatsa udindo wofunikira wa "mtsogoleri wa gulu lachitukuko ndi labotale yake", pochita ntchito, Ntchito sizingakhale ndi chikoka pa kasamalidwe ka kampaniyo. Jobs ankafuna kuyesa kuchotsa Sculley ku Apple pamene anali ku China pa bizinesi, koma Sculley analetsa ndegeyo pambuyo poti mnzake adamuchenjeza ndikuuza msonkhano waukulu kuti mwina Jobs adzachotsedwa ku timu ya Macintosh kapena Apple ayenera kupeza zatsopano. CEO.
Zinali zoonekeratu panthawiyi kuti Jobs sangapambane mkanganowu, ndipo ngakhale adayesa kangapo kuti asinthe zinthuzo, adasiya mu September 1985 ndikugulitsa pafupifupi magawo ake onse a Apple. Komabe, anachita izi atangoganiza zoyambitsa kampani yatsopano.
Anapeza lingaliro la izo atalankhula ndi katswiri wa sayansi ya zamoyo pa yunivesite ya Stanford, Paul Berg, yemwe adafotokozera Jobs za vuto la akatswiri pamene akuyesa kuyesa kwa nthawi yaitali m'ma laboratories. Jobs adadabwa chifukwa chake sanali kutsanzira zoyeserera pamakompyuta, pomwe Berg adayankha kuti adzafunika mphamvu zamakompyuta a mainframe omwe ma laboratories aku yunivesite sangakwanitse.
Choncho Jobs anagwirizana ndi mamembala angapo a gulu la Macintosh, pamodzi onse adasiya maudindo awo ku Apple, ndipo Jobs adatha kupeza kampani yatsopano, yomwe adayitcha kuti Next. Anaikamo ndalama zokwana madola 7 miliyoni ndipo anagwiritsa ntchito pafupifupi ndalama zonsezi m’chaka chotsatira, osati pakupanga zinthu, koma kwa kampaniyo.
Choyamba, adayitanitsa chizindikiro chamtengo wapatali kuchokera kwa wojambula wotchuka Paul Rand, ndipo Next inakhala NEXT. Pambuyo pake, adakonzanso nyumba zamaofesi zomwe zidangogulidwa kumene kuti zikhale ndi makoma agalasi, kusuntha zikepe ndikusintha masitepe ndi magalasi, omwe pambuyo pake adawonekeranso mu Apple Stores. Kenako, pamene chitukuko cha makompyuta amphamvu ku mayunivesite chinayamba, Ntchito mosanyengerera analamula zatsopano ndi zatsopano (nthawi zambiri zosemphana) zomwe ziyenera kubweretsa malo ogwira ntchito otsika mtengo a ma laboratories aku yunivesite.
Ankayenera kutenga mawonekedwe a cube yakuda yakuda ndi chowunikira chowoneka bwino chokhala ndi chiwonetsero chachikulu komanso mawonekedwe apamwamba. Sizikadakhalapo ngati sizinali chifukwa cha ndalama za bilionea Ross Perot, yemwe anachita chidwi ndi Jobs komanso anayesa kuletsa mwayi wina wotayika poika ndalama. Zaka zingapo m'mbuyomo, anali ndi mwayi wogula zonse kapena gawo lalikulu la Microsoft yoyambira, yomwe mtengo wake pa nthawi ya NEXT inakhazikitsidwa inali pafupi ndi madola biliyoni.
Pomaliza, kompyuta idapangidwa, ndipo pa Okutobala 12, 1988, Steve Jobs adatenga nawo gawo kwa nthawi yoyamba kuyambira 1984 kuti awonetse chinthu chatsopano.
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Steve Jobs pa siteji kachiwiri
Kuwonetserako kudachitika ku San Francisco ku Louis M. Davies Grand Concert Hall. Popanga izi, Jobs adayang'ana chilichonse ndi cholinga chofuna kusangalatsa omvera omwe amayenera kukhala ndi atolankhani oitanidwa ndi anthu ochokera kumaphunziro ndi makompyuta. Jobs adagwirizana ndi wojambula zithunzi wa NeXT Susan Kare kuti apange zithunzi zowonetsera - adamuyendera pafupifupi tsiku lililonse kwa milungu ingapo, ndipo mawu aliwonse, mtundu uliwonse wamtundu womwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito unali wofunikira kwa iye. Ntchito zimayang'anitsitsa mndandanda wa alendo komanso mndandanda wa nkhomaliro.
Chiwonetsero chotsatira chimatha maola awiri ndipo chimagawidwa m'magawo awiri, choyamba chomwe chimaperekedwa kufotokoza zolinga za kampaniyo ndi kompyuta ya NEXT ndi hardware yake, ndipo yachiwiri yomwe imayang'ana pulogalamuyo. Kuwomba m'manja koyamba kumamveka ngati Jobs akutenga siteji, ndikutsatiridwa ndi sekondi masekondi angapo pambuyo pake pamene akuti, "Ndizosangalatsa kubwerera." Ntchito nthawi yomweyo akupitiriza kunena kuti akuganiza kuti omvera lero adzawona zochitika zomwe zimachitika kamodzi kapena kawiri pazaka khumi zilizonse, pamene zomangamanga zatsopano zimalowa pamsika zomwe zidzasintha tsogolo la makompyuta. Akuti akhala akugwira ntchito ku NEXT mogwirizana ndi mayunivesite m'dziko lonselo kwa zaka zitatu zapitazi, ndipo zotsatira zake ndi "zosadabwitsa."
Asanafotokoze mankhwalawo, Jobs akufotokozera mwachidule mbiri yakale ya makompyuta ndikupereka chitsanzo cha "mafunde" omwe amatha pafupifupi zaka khumi ndipo amagwirizanitsidwa ndi zomangamanga zamakompyuta zomwe zimafika pamtunda wake pambuyo pa zaka zisanu, pambuyo pake palibe pulogalamu yatsopano yomwe ingapangidwe. onjezerani mphamvu zake. Amadziwika ndi mafunde atatu, lachitatu lomwe ndi Macintosh, lomwe linayambitsidwa mu 1984, ndipo mu 1989 tikhoza kuyembekezera kukwaniritsidwa kwa mphamvu zake.
Cholinga cha NEXT ndikutanthauzira funde lachinayi, ndipo likufuna kutero popanga kupezeka ndi kukulitsa luso la "malo ogwirira ntchito." Ngakhale izi zikuwonetsa kuthekera kwaukadaulo wokhala ndi zowonetsera za "megapixel" ndikuchita zambiri, sizosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito kuti zitha kufalikira ndikupanga mafunde achinayi omwe amatanthauzira makompyuta a 90s.
Cholinga cha NEXT pa maphunziro ndi momwe alili ngati chidziwitso chowonjezera, woyambitsa wamkulu waukadaulo ndi malingaliro. Jobs amawerenga mawu akuti, "[...] pamene makompyuta ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la maphunziro, sanakhalepo chothandizira kusintha kwa maphunziro omwe angathe kukhala nawo." Makompyuta oti awonetsedwe munkhaniyi akuyenera kuwonetsa osati zofuna za ophunzira, koma maloto awo. Osati kukulitsa zomwe makompyuta ali lero, koma kuwonetsa zomwe ayenera kukhala mtsogolo.
Kompyuta ya NEXT idapangidwa kuti igwiritse ntchito mphamvu ya Unix kuti ipereke zambiri komanso kulumikizana kwapaintaneti, koma nthawi yomweyo perekani njira kuti "munthu aliyense" agwiritse ntchito izi. Kuphatikiza apo, iyenera kukhala ndi purosesa yothamanga komanso kuchuluka kwa kukumbukira kogwira ntchito komanso komweko, kuwonetsa chilichonse kudzera mumtundu wolumikizana wa PostScript wogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi osindikiza. Ikuyenera kukhala ndi chiwonetsero chachikulu cha "miliyoni pixel", phokoso lalikulu komanso zomangamanga zotseguka, zokulitsidwa mpaka zaka makumi asanu ndi anayi.
Ngakhale kuti malo ogwirira ntchito masiku ano ndi akulu, otentha komanso aphokoso, akatswiri amawafuna ang'onoang'ono, ozizira komanso opanda phokoso. Pomaliza, "timakonda kusindikiza, chonde tipatseni makina osindikizira a laser otsika mtengo," akutero akatswiri. Mbali yotsalayo ya gawo loyamba la ulaliki wa Jobs ikufotokoza momwe adapezera zotsatira zomwe zidakwaniritsa zofunikira izi. Zoonadi, Jobs nthawi zonse amatsindika kukongola komwe izi zimachitika - pambuyo pa theka la ola akulankhula, amasewera filimu ya mphindi zisanu ndi imodzi yosonyeza mzere wamtsogolo, pomwe bolodi lonse la kompyuta la NEXT limasonkhanitsidwa ndi maloboti mokwanira. makina opangira mafakitale.
Zimawatengera mphindi makumi awiri kuti apange imodzi, ndipo zotsatira zake sizongoyikapo zigawo zambiri pa bolodi, koma "gulu lokongola kwambiri losindikizidwa lomwe ndidawawonapo," akutero Jobs. Malingaliro ake awonetsero amawonekeranso bwino pamene potsiriza amasonyeza omvera kompyuta yonse ndi polojekiti ndi chosindikizira - inali yokutidwa ndi mpango wakuda nthawi yonse pakati pa siteji.
Pa mphindi ya makumi anayi ya kujambula, Jobs akupita kwa iye kuchokera ku lectern, akung'amba mpango wake, akuyatsa kompyuta yake ndipo mwamsanga amasowa kumbuyo kuti chidwi chonse cha omvera chiperekedwe ku siteji yowala kwambiri pakati pa mdima. holo. Chochititsa chidwi cha kanema wofalitsidwa ndikuthekera kumva Jobs kuchokera kumbuyo, momwe amalimbikitsira mwamantha ndi mawu akuti "bwerani, bwerani", akuyembekeza kuti kompyuta iyamba popanda mavuto.
Kuchokera pamawonekedwe a hardware, mwina chinthu chochititsa chidwi kwambiri (komanso chotsutsana) cha kompyuta ya NEXT chinali kusowa kwa floppy disk drive, yomwe inalowedwa m'malo ndi kuyendetsa kwakukulu koma pang'onopang'ono optical drive ndi hard disk. Ichi ndi chitsanzo cha kufunitsitsa kwa Jobs kubetcherana kupambana kwa malonda pa chinthu chatsopano, chomwe pankhaniyi chidakhala cholakwika m'tsogolomu.
Kodi n'chiyani chinakhudza kwambiri tsogolo la makompyuta?
M'malo mwake, ndi chinthu-oriented NEXTSTEP opaleshoni dongosolo anayambitsa mu gawo lachiwiri la ulaliki ndi dikishonale ndi mabuku bwinobwino anasandulika mawonekedwe pakompyuta kwa nthawi yoyamba kukhala sitepe yabwino kwambiri. Kompyuta iliyonse ya NEXT inali ndi kusindikiza kwa Oxford kwa zolemba zonse za William Shakespeare, Merriam-Webster University Dictionary, ndi Oxford Book of quotes. Ntchito zikuwonetsa izi ndi zitsanzo zingapo za iye mwini akudziseka yekha.
Mwachitsanzo, akayang’ana mawu m’dikishonale amene ena amati amatchula umunthu wake. Atalowa mawu oti "mercurial," amawerenga kaye tanthauzo loyamba, "lokhudzana ndi kapena kubadwa pansi pa chizindikiro cha Mercury," kenako amasiya chachitatu, "chodziwika ndi kusinthasintha kosadziwika bwino." Omvera amakhudzidwa ndi zochitika zonse ndikuseka, ndipo Jobs amamaliza powerenga tanthauzo la mawu otsutsana ndi mawu oyambirira, Saturnian. Iye anati: “Wozizira ndi wokhazikika mu mtima mwake; wochedwa kuchita kapena kusintha; wa mtima wachisoni kapena waukali.” “Ndikuganiza kuti kukhala wodzikonda sikuli koipa kwenikweni,” akutero Jobs.
Komabe, gawo lalikulu la pulogalamu ya pulogalamuyo ndi NEXTSTEP, njira yatsopano yogwiritsira ntchito Unix, yomwe mphamvu yake yaikulu ili mu kuphweka kwake osati pakugwiritsa ntchito kwake, komanso makamaka pakupanga mapulogalamu. Mawonekedwe a mapulogalamu apakompyuta, ngakhale kuti ndi abwino kugwiritsa ntchito, ndizovuta kwambiri kupanga.
Dongosolo la NEXTSTEP limaphatikizapo "Interface Builder", chida chopangira malo ogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamuyi. Imagwiritsira ntchito bwino chikhalidwe cha opareshoni. Izi zikutanthauza kuti popanga pulogalamu, sikoyenera kulemba mzere umodzi wa code - ingodinani mbewa kuti muphatikize zinthu (zolemba, zojambula). Mwa njira iyi, machitidwe ovuta a maubwenzi ndi pulogalamu yamakono kwambiri ikhoza kupangidwa. Jobs akuwonetsa "Interface Builder" pachitsanzo chosavuta cha pulogalamu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kutengera kusuntha kwa molekyulu ya mpweya yomwe ili mu silinda yabwino kwambiri. Pambuyo pake, katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo Richard E. Crandall akuitanidwa ku siteji, yemwe amasonyeza ntchito zovuta kwambiri kuchokera kuzinthu za physics ndi chemistry.
Pomaliza, Jobs imayambitsa zomvera zamakompyuta, kuwonetsa omvera mawu omveka amtsogolo komanso nyimbo zomwe zimapangidwa ndi masamu.
Gawo lolimbikitsa kwambiri la chiwonetserochi limabwera posachedwa lisanathe, pomwe Jobs amalengeza mitengo ya kompyuta ya NEXT. Kompyuta yokhala ndi chowunikira idzagula $6,5, chosindikizira $2,5, ndi hard drive yosankha $2 ya 330MB ndi $4 ya 660MB. Ngakhale Jobs akugogomezera kuti mtengo wa chirichonse chimene amapereka ndi wapamwamba kwambiri, koma chifukwa chakuti mayunivesite anali kupempha kompyuta kwa madola zikwi ziwiri kapena zitatu, mawu ake samatsimikizira ambiri, kunena zochepa. Nkhani yoyipanso ndi nthawi yakukhazikitsidwa kwa kompyuta, zomwe sizikuyembekezeka kuchitika mpaka nthawi ina mu theka lachiwiri la 1989.
Komabe, ulalikiwo umatha pazabwino kwambiri, monga woyimba violini wochokera ku San Francisco Symphony akuitanidwa ku siteji kuti azisewera Bach's Concerto mu A Wang'ono mu duet ndi kompyuta Yotsatira.
ZOtsatira zayiwalika ndikukumbukiridwa
Mbiri yotsatira ya kompyuta ya NEXT ndi yabwino potengera luso lake, koma mwatsoka pankhani ya kupambana kwa msika. Kale mu atolankhani mafunso pambuyo ulaliki, Ntchito ayenera kutsimikizira atolankhani kuti kuwala pagalimoto ndi odalirika komanso mofulumira kuti kompyuta akadali patsogolo pa mpikisano pankhani msika pafupifupi chaka, ndi kuyankha mobwerezabwereza mafunso okhudza angakwanitse.
Kompyutayo idayamba kufika ku mayunivesite mkati mwa 1989 ndi mtundu woyeserera wa makina ogwiritsira ntchito, ndipo idalowa pamsika waulere chaka chotsatira pamtengo wa $9. Komanso, kunapezeka kuti kuwala pagalimoto kwenikweni sanali mphamvu zokwanira kuthamanga kompyuta bwino ndi odalirika, ndi chosungira, kwa osachepera $999 zikwi, chinali chofunika osati njira. NEXT idakwanitsa kupanga mayunitsi masauzande khumi pamwezi, koma zogulitsa zidakwera mayunitsi mazana anayi pamwezi.
M’zaka zotsatira, mitundu ina yowonjezereka ndi yowonjezereka ya kompyuta ya NEXT yotchedwa NeXTcube ndi NEXTstation inayambitsidwa, kupereka ntchito zapamwamba. Koma makompyuta a NEXT sanayime. Pofika mu 1993, pamene kampaniyo inasiya kupanga hardware, zikwi makumi asanu zokha zinali zitagulitsidwa. NeXT idasinthidwa kukhala NeXT Software Inc. ndipo patatha zaka zitatu idagulidwa ndi Apple chifukwa cha kupambana kwa mapulogalamu ake.
Komabe, NEXT inakhala gawo lofunika kwambiri la mbiri yamakompyuta. Mu 1990, Tim Berners-Lee (chithunzi m'munsimu), katswiri wa sayansi ya makompyuta, adagwiritsa ntchito kompyuta ndi mapulogalamu ake pamene adapanga World Wide Web ku CERN, mwachitsanzo, hypertext system yowonera, kusunga ndi kufotokozera zolemba pa intaneti. Mu 1993, Steve Jobs adawonetsedwa kutsogola kwa App Store, kugawa mapulogalamu a digito otchedwa Electronic AppWrapper, kwa nthawi yoyamba pa kompyuta ya NEXT.
