Filip Novotny Atangotsala pang'ono kukhazikitsidwa kwa iPhone yoyamba, Steve Jobs adayitana antchito ake pamodzi ndipo adakwiya ndi chiwerengero cha zikopa zomwe zinawonekera pa chitsanzo chomwe ankagwiritsa ntchito patatha milungu ingapo. Zinali zoonekeratu kuti sikutheka kugwiritsa ntchito galasi lokhazikika, choncho Jobs adagwirizana ndi kampani ya galasi Corning. Komabe, mbiri yake imabwerera m’kati mwa zaka zana zapitazi.
Zonse zinayamba ndi kuyesa kumodzi kolephera. Tsiku lina mu 1952, katswiri wa zamankhwala ku Corning Glass Works Don Stookey anayesa chitsanzo cha galasi lopanga chithunzi ndipo anachiika mu ng’anjo ya 600°C. Komabe, pakuyesako, panachitika cholakwika m'modzi mwa owongolera ndipo kutentha kunakwera mpaka 900 ° C. Stookey ankayembekezera kupeza galasi losungunuka ndi ng'anjo yowonongeka pambuyo pa kulakwitsa kumeneku. M'malo mwake, adapeza kuti chitsanzo chake chidasandulika kukhala choyera chamkaka. Pamene ankafuna kumugwira, zipini zija zinaterereka n’kugwera pansi. M’malo mosweka pansi, inaphulikanso.
Don Stookey sankadziwa zimenezo panthawiyo, koma anali atangotulukira kumene magalasi a ceramic opangira magalasi oyambirira; Corning pambuyo pake adatcha zinthu izi Pyroceram. Chopepuka kuposa aluminiyamu, cholimba kuposa chitsulo chopangidwa ndi mpweya wambiri, komanso champhamvu nthawi zambiri kuposa magalasi wamba a laimu wa soda, posakhalitsa chinapezeka kuti chikugwiritsidwa ntchito m’chilichonse kuyambira pa mizinga yophulitsa mpaka kumalo opangira mankhwala. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu uvuni wa microwave, ndipo mu 1959 Pyroceram adalowa m'nyumba ngati CorningWare cookware.
Zatsopanozi zidathandiza kwambiri Corning ndipo zidathandizira kukhazikitsidwa kwa Project Muscle, ntchito yayikulu yofufuza kuti apeze njira zina zowumitsa magalasi. Kupambana kwakukulu kunachitika pamene ochita kafukufuku anapeza njira yolimbitsira galasi mwa kuviika mumchere wotentha wa potaziyamu. Anapeza kuti pamene anawonjezera aluminium oxide ku galasi lopangidwa ndi galasi asanamizidwe mumtsuko, zomwe zinatsatira zinali zamphamvu komanso zolimba. Posakhalitsa asayansiwo anayamba kuponya magalasi olimba chonchi kuchokera m’nyumba yawo yansanjika zisanu ndi zinayi ndikuphulitsa galasi, lomwe mkati mwake limadziwika kuti 0317, ndi nkhuku zowuma. Galasiyo imatha kupindika ndi kupindika kumlingo wodabwitsa komanso kukana kukakamiza pafupifupi 17 kg/cm. (Magalasi wamba akhoza kupanikizika ndi mphamvu ya pafupifupi 850 kg/cm.) Mu 1, Corning anayamba kugaŵira zinthuzo m’dzina la Chemcor, akukhulupirira kuti adzapeza ntchito m’zinthu zonga matelefoni, mawindo andende, kapena magalasi a maso.
Ngakhale kuti poyamba panali chidwi kwambiri ndi zinthuzo, malonda anali otsika. Makampani angapo apereka maoda a magalasi oteteza chitetezo. Komabe, izi zidachotsedwa posachedwa chifukwa chodera nkhawa za momwe magalasi angaphwanyike. Chemcor ikuwoneka kuti ikhoza kukhala chinthu choyenera pamagalasi amoto; ngakhale idawonekera mu ma Javelins ochepa a AMC, opanga ambiri sanakhutire ndi zoyenera zake. Sanakhulupirire kuti Chemcor inali yoyenera kuwonjezereka kwa mtengo, makamaka popeza akhala akugwiritsa ntchito bwino galasi laminated kuyambira 30s.
Corning anatulukira luso lokwera mtengo lomwe palibe amene ankasamala nalo. Ndithudi iye sanathandizidwe ndi mayesero a ngozi, zomwe zinasonyeza kuti ndi ma windshield "mutu wa munthu umasonyeza kutsika kwakukulu kwambiri" - Chemcor inapulumuka popanda kuwonongeka, koma chigaza cha munthu sichinatero.
Kampaniyo italephera kugulitsa zinthuzo kwa Ford Motors ndi opanga ma automaker ena, Project Muscle inathetsedwa mu 1971 ndipo zida za Chemcor zinathera pa ayezi. Linali yankho lomwe linayenera kuyembekezera vuto loyenera.
Tili m’chigawo cha New York, kumene kuli likulu la Corning. Mkulu wa kampaniyo, Wendell Weeks, ali ndi ofesi yake pansanjika yachiwiri. Ndipo apa ndipamene Steve Jobs adapatsa Masabata azaka makumi asanu ndi zisanu ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri ntchito yowoneka ngati yosatheka: kupanga mazana masauzande a masikweya mita magalasi owonda kwambiri komanso amphamvu kwambiri omwe kulibe mpaka pano. Ndipo mkati mwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Nkhani ya mgwirizano uwu - kuphatikizapo kuyesa kwa Jobs kuphunzitsa Masabata mfundo za momwe galasi limagwirira ntchito komanso chikhulupiriro chake chakuti cholingacho chikhoza kutheka - amadziwika bwino. Momwe Corning adayendetsa bwino sizikudziwikanso.
Masabata adalumikizana ndi kampaniyi mu 1983; Kumayambiriro kwa 2005, adakhala paudindo wapamwamba, kuyang'anira gawo la kanema wawayilesi komanso dipatimenti yofunsira ntchito zapadera. Mufunseni za galasi ndipo adzakuuzani kuti ndi zinthu zokongola komanso zachilendo, zomwe asayansi angoyamba kumene kuzipeza lero. Adzasangalala ndi "zowona" zake komanso kusangalatsa kwake kukhudza, ndikungokuuzani za thupi lake pakapita nthawi.
Masabata ndi Ntchito adagawana kufooka pakupanga komanso kutengeka ndi tsatanetsatane. Onse adakopeka ndi zovuta zazikulu komanso malingaliro. Kuchokera kumbali ya oyang'anira, komabe, Jobs anali wolamulira wankhanza, pamene Masabata, kumbali ina (monga ambiri omwe adatsogolera ku Corning), amathandizira ulamuliro waufulu popanda kunyalanyaza kwambiri kugonjera. "Palibe kulekana pakati pa ine ndi ofufuza payekha," akutero Weeks.
Ndipo ndithudi, ngakhale inali kampani yaikulu-inali ndi antchito 29 ndi $ 000 biliyoni mu ndalama chaka chatha-Corning akadali ngati bizinesi yaying'ono. Izi zimatheka chifukwa cha mtunda wake kuchokera kudziko lakunja, chiwopsezo cha kufa chimayenda pafupifupi 7,9% chaka chilichonse, komanso mbiri yodziwika ya kampaniyo. (Don Stookey, yemwe tsopano ali ndi zaka 1, ndi nthano zina za ku Corning akuwonekabe m’makhoseji ndi ma lab a malo ofufuza a Sullivan Park.) “Tonse tiripo kwa moyo wonse,” akumwetulira Masabata. "Tadziwana pano kwa nthawi yayitali ndipo takumana ndi zopambana zambiri komanso zolephera limodzi."
Chimodzi mwazokambirana zoyamba pakati pa Masabata ndi Ntchito zinalibe chochita ndi galasi. Panthawi ina, asayansi a Corning anali akugwira ntchito paukadaulo wa microprojection - makamaka, njira yabwinoko yogwiritsira ntchito ma laser obiriwira opangira. Lingaliro lalikulu linali loti anthu safuna kuyang'ana kachiwonetsero kakang'ono pafoni yawo yam'manja tsiku lonse akafuna kuwonera makanema kapena makanema apa TV, ndipo kuwonetsa kumawoneka ngati yankho lachilengedwe. Komabe, Masabata atakambirana za lingaliro ndi Jobs, abwana a Apple adazikana ngati zopanda pake. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, adanena kuti akugwira ntchito yabwino - chipangizo chomwe pamwamba pake chimapangidwa ndi chiwonetsero. Iwo ankatchedwa iPhone.
Ngakhale Jobs amadzudzula ma laser obiriwira, amayimira "zatsopano chifukwa cha luso" lomwe lili ndi chikhalidwe cha Corning. Kampaniyo imalemekeza kuyesera kotero kuti imayika 10% yolemekezeka ya phindu lake pakufufuza ndi chitukuko chaka chilichonse. Ndipo mu nthawi zabwino ndi zoipa. Pamene kuwira koopsa kwa dot-com kunaphulika mu 2000 ndipo mtengo wa Corning unatsika kuchoka pa $ 100 gawo kufika pa $ 1,50, CEO wake adatsimikizira ofufuza osati kokha kuti kafukufuku akadali pamtima pa kampaniyo, koma kufufuza ndi chitukuko zomwe zinapangitsa kuti izi zipitirire. bweretsani kuchipambano.
Rebecca Henderson, pulofesa wa Harvard Business School yemwe adaphunzira mbiri ya Corning anati: "Izi ndizosavuta kunena, koma zovuta kuchita." Gawo lachipambanochi lili mu kuthekera kopanga ukadaulo watsopano, komanso kudziwa momwe mungayambitsire kupanga pamlingo waukulu. Ngakhale Corning ikuchita bwino m'njira ziwiri zonsezi, zimatha kutenga zaka zambiri kuti apeze msika woyenera - komanso wopindulitsa mokwanira - pamsika wazogulitsa zake. Monga momwe Pulofesa Henderson amanenera, zatsopano, malinga ndi Corning, nthawi zambiri zimatanthauza kutenga malingaliro olephera ndikuwagwiritsa ntchito pazifukwa zosiyana kotheratu.
Lingaliro lochotsa zitsanzo za Chemcor lidabwera mu 2005, Apple isanalowe nawo masewerawa. Panthawiyo, Motorola idatulutsa Razr V3, foni yam'manja yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito galasi m'malo mowonetsa pulasitiki yolimba. Corning anapanga kagulu kakang'ono ka ntchito yowona ngati zingatheke kutsitsimutsa galasi la Type 0317 kuti ligwiritsidwe ntchito pazida monga mafoni am'manja kapena mawotchi. Zitsanzo zakale za Chemcor zinali zokhuthala pafupifupi mamilimita 4. Mwinamwake iwo akhoza kuchepetsedwa. Pambuyo pa kafukufuku wambiri wamsika, oyang'anira kampaniyo adatsimikiza kuti kampaniyo ipeza ndalama zochepa kuchokera kuzinthu zapaderazi. Ntchitoyi idatchedwa Gorilla Glass.
Pofika chaka cha 2007, pamene Jobs anafotokoza maganizo ake pa nkhani yatsopanoyi, ntchitoyi sinafike patali. Apple imafunikira magalasi ochepera 1,3mm, olimba ndi mankhwala - zomwe palibe amene adapangapo kale. Kodi Chemcor, yomwe sinapangidwebe mochuluka, ingagwirizanitsidwe ndi njira yopangira yomwe ingakwaniritse zosowa zazikulu? Kodi ndizotheka kupanga zinthu zomwe zidapangidwira magalasi amgalimoto kukhala owonda kwambiri komanso nthawi yomweyo kukhalabe ndi mphamvu? Kodi kuumitsa kwa mankhwala kungakhale kothandiza pamagalasi oterowo? Pa nthawiyo, palibe amene ankadziwa mayankho a mafunso amenewa. Chifukwa chake Masabata adachita ndendende zomwe CEO aliyense wotsutsa chiwopsezo angachite. Iye anati inde.
Kwa zinthu zodziwika bwino kwambiri zomwe sizikuwoneka, galasi lamakono la mafakitale ndizovuta kwambiri. Galasi wamba wa soda-laimu ndi wokwanira kupanga mabotolo kapena mababu ounikira, koma ndi osayenera kwambiri ntchito zina, chifukwa amatha kusweka kukhala mikwingwirima yakuthwa. Magalasi a Borosilicate monga Pyrex ndi abwino kwambiri polimbana ndi kutentha kwa kutentha, koma kusungunuka kwake kumafuna mphamvu zambiri. Kuonjezera apo, pali njira ziwiri zokha zomwe magalasi amatha kupangidwa mochuluka - fusion draw teknoloji ndi njira yotchedwa float, pomwe galasi losungunuka limatsanuliridwa pamunsi mwa malata osungunuka. Chimodzi mwazovuta zomwe fakitale yamagalasi imayenera kukumana nayo ndikufunika kufananiza nyimbo yatsopano, ndi zinthu zonse zofunika, ndi kupanga. Ndi chinthu chimodzi kubwera ndi formula. Malingana ndi iye, chinthu chachiwiri ndi kupanga chomaliza.
Mosasamala kanthu za kapangidwe kake, chigawo chachikulu cha galasi ndi silika (aka mchenga). Popeza ili ndi malo osungunuka kwambiri (1 ° C), mankhwala ena, monga sodium oxide, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsitsa. Chifukwa cha izi, ndizotheka kugwira ntchito ndi magalasi mosavuta komanso kupanga zotsika mtengo. Zambiri mwa mankhwalawa zimaperekanso zinthu zina zagalasi, monga kukana ma X-ray kapena kutentha kwambiri, kutha kuwonetsa kuwala kapena kubala mitundu. Komabe, mavuto amadza pamene kamangidwe kasinthidwa: kusintha pang'ono kungapangitse chinthu chosiyana kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zowirira monga barium kapena lanthanum, mudzatha kuchepetsa kusungunuka, koma mumakhala pachiwopsezo chakuti zinthu zomaliza sizikhala zofanana. Ndipo mukamalimbitsa galasi, mumawonjezeranso chiopsezo cha kuphulika kwaphulika ngati kusweka. Mwachidule, galasi ndi chinthu cholamulidwa ndi kunyengerera. Ichi ndichifukwa chake nyimbo, makamaka zomwe zimasinthidwa kuzinthu zina, zimakhala zotetezedwa kwambiri.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pakupanga magalasi ndikuzizira kwake. Popanga magalasi ambiri, ndikofunikira kuziziritsa zinthuzo pang'onopang'ono komanso mofanana kuti muchepetse kupsinjika kwamkati komwe kungapangitse galasi kusweka mosavuta. Komano, ndi galasi lotentha, cholinga chake ndikuwonjezera kukangana pakati pa zigawo zamkati ndi zakunja. Kutentha kwa galasi kumatha kupangitsa galasi kukhala lolimba kwambiri: galasiyo imatenthedwa poyamba mpaka itafewetsa ndiyeno kunja kwake kumakhala kozizira kwambiri. Chosanjikiza chakunja chimachepa msanga, pomwe mkati chimakhalabe chosungunuka. Pa kuziziritsa, wosanjikiza wamkati amayesa kuchepa, motero kuchita pa wosanjikiza kunja. Kupsyinjika kumapangidwa pakati pa zinthu pamene pamwamba ndi densified kwambiri. Magalasi otenthedwa amatha kusweka ngati tidutsa mumsewu wakunja kupita kumalo opsinjika. Komabe, ngakhale kuumitsa kwa galasi kuli ndi malire ake. Pazipita zotheka kuwonjezeka mphamvu zakuthupi zimadalira mlingo wa shrinkage pa kuzirala; nyimbo zambiri zimachepa pang'ono.
Kugwirizana pakati pa kupsinjika ndi kupsinjika kumawonetsedwa bwino ndi kuyesera kotsatiraku: potsanulira galasi losungunuka m'madzi oundana, timapanga mapangidwe ang'onoang'ono a misozi, gawo lakuda kwambiri lomwe limatha kupirira kupsinjika kochulukirapo, kuphatikiza kumenyedwa kwanyundo mobwerezabwereza. Komabe, mbali yopyapyala yomwe ili kumapeto kwa madontho imakhala yosatetezeka. Tikathyoka, miyalayi imawulukira m'chinthu chonsecho pa liwiro la 3 km / h, motero imamasula kupsinjika kwamkati. Mophulika. Nthaŵi zina, mapangidwewo amatha kuphulika ndi mphamvu kotero kuti amatulutsa kuwala kwa kuwala.
Kutentha kwa magalasi, njira yomwe inayambika m'zaka za m'ma 60, imapanga kusanjikizana ngati kutentha, koma kudzera mu njira yotchedwa ion exchange. Galasi ya Aluminosilicate, monga Gorilla Glass, ili ndi silika, aluminium, magnesium, ndi sodium. Akamizidwa mu mchere wosungunuka wa potaziyamu, galasilo limatenthetsa ndikukula. Sodium ndi potaziyamu zimagawana gawo limodzi mu tebulo la periodic la zinthu motero amachita chimodzimodzi. Kutentha kwakukulu kuchokera ku mchere wa mchere kumawonjezera kusamuka kwa ayoni a sodium kuchokera mu galasi, ndi ayoni a potaziyamu, kumbali ina, akhoza kutenga malo awo osasokonezeka. Popeza ayoni a potaziyamu ndi akulu kuposa ayoni a haidrojeni, amakhazikika pamalo amodzi. Galasiyo ikazizira, imafupikitsa kwambiri, ndikupanga kusanjikiza kokakamiza pamwamba. (Corning imatsimikizira ngakhale kusinthanitsa kwa ion polamulira zinthu monga kutentha ndi nthawi.) Poyerekeza ndi kutentha kwa magalasi, kuuma kwa mankhwala kumatsimikizira kupanikizika kwapamwamba pamtunda (kotero kumatsimikizira mphamvu mpaka kanayi) ndipo kungagwiritsidwe ntchito pa galasi lamtundu uliwonse. makulidwe ndi mawonekedwe.
Pofika kumapeto kwa Marichi, ofufuzawo anali atatsala pang'ono kukonzekera njira yatsopanoyi. Komabe, adayenerabe kupeza njira yopangira. Kupanga njira yatsopano yopangira zinthu sikunali kofunikira chifukwa zingatenge zaka. Kuti akwaniritse tsiku lomaliza la Apple, awiri mwa asayansi, Adam Ellison ndi Matt Dejneka, adapatsidwa ntchito yokonza ndi kuthetsa ndondomeko yomwe kampaniyo inkagwiritsa ntchito kale bwino. Anafunikira chinachake chimene chikanatha kupanga magalasi opyapyala, owoneka bwino m’milungu yochepa chabe.
Asayansi kwenikweni anali ndi njira imodzi yokha: fusion draw process. (Pali umisiri watsopano wamakono pamakampani otsogola kwambiriwa, omwe mayina awo nthawi zambiri sakhala ndi ofanana ndi Chicheki.) Panthawiyi, magalasi osungunuka amatsanuliridwa pamphepo yapadera yotchedwa "isopipe". Galasiyo imasefukira mbali zonse za mbali yokhuthala ya mpheroyo ndikulumikizananso kumbali yopapatiza yapansi. Kenako imayenda pa ma roller omwe liwiro lake limayikidwa ndendende. Pamene akuyenda mofulumira, galasilo lidzakhala lochepa kwambiri.
Imodzi mwa mafakitale omwe amagwiritsa ntchito njirayi ili ku Harrodsburg, Kentucky. Kumayambiriro kwa 2007, nthambi iyi ikugwira ntchito mokwanira, ndipo matanki ake asanu ndi awiri a mamita asanu anabweretsa magalasi olemera makilogalamu 450 omwe amapangidwa kuti apange ma TV a LCD paola lililonse. Imodzi mwa akasinja awa ikhoza kukhala yokwanira pakufunidwa koyamba kuchokera ku Apple. Koma choyamba kunali koyenera kubwerezanso zolemba zakale za Chemcor. Sikuti galasi liyenera kukhala lochepa thupi la 1,3 mm, liyeneranso kukhala labwino kwambiri kuyang'ana kuposa, kunena, chodzaza foni. Elisson ndi gulu lake anali ndi masabata asanu ndi limodzi kuti azichita bwino. Kuti galasi lisinthidwe munjira ya "fusion draw", ndikofunikira kuti ikhale yosinthika kwambiri ngakhale kutentha kocheperako. Vuto ndilakuti chilichonse chomwe mumachita kuti muzitha kusinthasintha chimakulitsanso malo osungunuka kwambiri. Pogwiritsa ntchito zosakaniza zingapo zomwe zilipo ndikuwonjezera chinthu chimodzi chachinsinsi, asayansi adatha kupititsa patsogolo kukhuthala kwa ma viscosity pomwe akupereka magetsi apamwamba mu galasi komanso kusinthana kwa ion mwachangu. Thankiyi idakhazikitsidwa mu Meyi 2007. Mu June, idatulutsa Gorilla Glass yokwanira kudzaza mabwalo anayi a mpira.
M'zaka zisanu, Gorilla Glass yachoka ku chinthu wamba kupita ku chikhalidwe chokongola - kagawo kakang'ono komwe kamalekanitsa umunthu wathu ndi moyo womwe timakhala nawo m'matumba athu. Timakhudza galasi lakunja la galasi ndipo thupi lathu limatseka dera pakati pa electrode ndi mnansi wake, kutembenuza kayendedwe kukhala deta. Gorilla tsopano ikupezeka muzinthu zopitilira 750 zochokera kumitundu 33 padziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikiza ma laputopu, mapiritsi, mafoni am'manja ndi makanema akanema. Ngati mumayendetsa chala chanu pafupipafupi pazida, mwina mumadziwa kale Gorilla Glass.
Ndalama za Corning zakwera kwambiri m'zaka zapitazi, kuchokera ku $ 20 miliyoni mu 2007 kufika pa $ 700 miliyoni mu 2011. Ndipo zikuwoneka kuti padzakhalanso ntchito zina zogwiritsira ntchito galasi. Eckersley O'Callaghan, omwe okonza ake ali ndi udindo wowonetsa ma Apple Stores angapo, atsimikizira izi pochita. Pa chikondwerero cha London Design chaka chino, adawonetsa chosema chopangidwa ndi Gorilla Glass yokha. Izi zitha kuwonekeranso pamawonekedwe amoto amagalimoto. Kampaniyo pakadali pano ikukambirana zakugwiritsa ntchito magalimoto amasewera.
Kodi zinthu zozungulira galasi zikuwoneka bwanji lero? Ku Harrodsburg, makina apadera amawaika m’mabokosi amatabwa kaŵirikaŵiri, kuwanyamula kupita nawo ku Louisville, ndiyeno kuwatumiza pa sitima kumka ku West Coast. Atafika kumeneko, magalasi amaikidwa m'sitima zonyamula katundu ndikutumizidwa ku mafakitale ku China komwe amapitako kangapo komaliza. Choyamba amapatsidwa madzi osambira otentha a potaziyamu kenaka amadulidwa m'makona ang'onoang'ono.
Zoonadi, ngakhale kuti ali ndi zamatsenga, Gorilla Glass ikhoza kulephera, ndipo nthawi zina "mogwira mtima". Imasweka tikagwetsa foni, imasandulika kangaude ikapindika, imasweka titakhala. Akadali galasi pambuyo pa zonse. Ndicho chifukwa chake pali gulu laling'ono la anthu ku Corning omwe amathera nthawi yambiri akuphwanya.
"Timachitcha nyundo ya ku Norway," akutero Jaymin Amin pamene akutulutsa chitsulo chachikulu m'bokosi. Chidachi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi akatswiri opanga ndege kuyesa mphamvu ya fuselage ya aluminiyamu ya ndege. Amin, yemwe amayang'anira chitukuko cha zida zonse zatsopano, amatambasula kasupe mu nyundo ndikutulutsa mphamvu zonse za 2 joules mu pepala la galasi lopyapyala mamilimita. Mphamvu yotereyi idzapanga chiboliboli chachikulu mu nkhuni zolimba, koma palibe chomwe chidzachitike ku galasi.
Kupambana kwa Gorilla Glass kumatanthauza zopinga zingapo za Corning. Kwa nthawi yoyamba m'mbiri yake, kampaniyo iyenera kuyang'anizana ndi kufunikira kwakukulu kwa mitundu yatsopano ya zinthu zake: nthawi iliyonse ikatulutsa galasi yatsopano, m'pofunika kuyang'anitsitsa momwe imachitira podalira kudalirika ndi kulimba mwachindunji mu munda. Kuti izi zitheke, gulu la Amin limasonkhanitsa mazana a mafoni osweka. "Zowonongeka, kaya ndi zazing'ono kapena zazikulu, pafupifupi nthawi zonse zimayambira pamalo amodzi," akutero wasayansi Kevin Reiman, akulozera ku ming'alu yosaoneka bwino ya HTC Wildfire, imodzi mwa mafoni angapo osweka patebulo patsogolo pake. Mukapeza mng'alu uwu, mutha kuyeza kuya kwake kuti mupeze lingaliro la kupsinjika kwa galasilo; ngati mungatsanzire mng'alu uwu, mutha kufufuza momwe zimafalitsira zinthu zonse ndikuyesera kuziletsa m'tsogolomu, mwina posintha kapangidwe kake kapena kuumitsa mankhwala.
Ndi chidziwitso ichi, gulu lonse la Amin likhoza kufufuza kulephera kwa zinthu zomwezo mobwerezabwereza. Kuti achite izi, amagwiritsa ntchito makina osindikizira a lever, kuyesa kugwetsa pa granite, konkire ndi phula, kuponya zinthu zosiyanasiyana pagalasi ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito zida zingapo zozunzirako zowoneka ngati mafakitale zokhala ndi zida zansonga za diamondi. Alinso ndi kamera yothamanga kwambiri yomwe imatha kujambula mafelemu miliyoni pa sekondi imodzi, yomwe imakhala yothandiza pamaphunziro opindika magalasi ndi kufalitsa ming'alu.
Komabe, kuwonongeka konseko komwe kumayendetsedwa kumalipira kampaniyo. Poyerekeza ndi mtundu woyamba, Gorilla Glass 2 ndi yamphamvu makumi awiri peresenti (ndipo mtundu wachitatu uyenera kufika pamsika kumayambiriro kwa chaka chamawa). Corning asayansi akwaniritsa izi pokankhira kukankhira kwa wosanjikiza akunja mpaka malire - iwo anali osamala pang'ono ndi mtundu woyamba wa Gorilla Glass - popanda kuwonjezera chiopsezo cha kuphulika kokhudzana ndi kusinthaku. Komabe, galasi ndi chinthu chosalimba. Ndipo ngakhale zida zowonongeka zimakana kukanikizidwa bwino, zimakhala zofooka kwambiri zikatambasulidwa: ngati muzizipinda, zimatha kusweka. Chinsinsi cha Gorilla Glass ndi kukanikiza kwa wosanjikiza wakunja, komwe kumalepheretsa ming'alu kufalikira muzinthu zonse. Mukagwetsa foni, chiwonetsero chake sichingasweke nthawi yomweyo, koma kugwa kungayambitse kuwonongeka kokwanira (ngakhale kung'ambika kwa microscopic ndikokwanira) kuwononga mphamvu ya zinthuzo. Kugwa pang'ono kotsatira kungakhale ndi zotsatira zoopsa. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazotsatira zosapeŵeka za kugwira ntchito ndi zinthu zomwe ziri zokhudzana ndi kusagwirizana, pakupanga malo osawoneka bwino.
Tabwereranso ku fakitale ya Harrodsburg, kumene bambo wina wovala T-sheti yakuda ya Gorilla Glass akugwira ntchito ndi pepala lagalasi lopyapyala ngati ma microns 100 (pafupifupi makulidwe a zojambulazo za aluminiyamu). Makina ake amayendetsa zinthuzo kudzera m'magalasi angapo, pomwe galasilo limatuluka litapindika ngati pepala lalikulu lonyezimira. Zinthu zoonda kwambiri komanso zopindikazi zimatchedwa Willow. Mosiyana ndi Galasi la Gorilla, lomwe limagwira ntchito ngati zida, Willow amatha kufananizidwa ngati malaya amvula. Ndi yolimba komanso yopepuka komanso ili ndi kuthekera kwakukulu. Ofufuza ku Corning akukhulupirira kuti zinthuzi zitha kupeza ntchito pamapangidwe osinthika amtundu wa smartphone ndi zowonetsa zoonda kwambiri za OLED. Imodzi mwamakampani opanga magetsi ikufunanso kuwona Willow akugwiritsidwa ntchito pama solar. Ku Corning, amawonanso ma e-mabuku okhala ndi masamba agalasi.
Tsiku lina, Willow adzapereka galasi la mamita 150 pazitsulo zazikulu. Ndiko kuti, ngati wina alamuladi. Pakalipano, ma coils amakhala opanda ntchito pafakitale ya Harrodsburgh, kudikirira kuti vuto loyenera libwere.
nkhani yabwino, zikomo!
Nkhani yochititsa chidwi :) koma ndikufuna kudziwa momwe galasi la Gorilla linakhalira pa Steve's :) momwe zinalili kuwonetsera kwa polojekitiyi :) ... kwenikweni, m'malingaliro anga zikanakhala kwathunthu pa 1 :)
Nkhani yochititsa chidwi :) koma ndikufuna kudziwa momwe galasi la Gorilla linakhalira pa Steve's :) momwe zinalili kuwonetsera kwa polojekitiyi :) ... kwenikweni, m'malingaliro anga zikanakhala kwathunthu pa 1 :)
zili m'buku la Steve Jobs;)
Zikomo :)
Chabwino! :-)
Chabwino! :-)
Ndinkasangalala kwambiri kuwerenga ndipo ndinaphunzira zambiri. Zikomo kwambiri.
Nkhani yabwino kwambiri, zikomo chifukwa chake. Bamboyo anaphunzirapo kanthu kena kosangalatsa. Olemba a zive.cz ndi spol atha kuphunzirapo kanthu..
Umu ndi momwe ndimaganizira seva ya apulo! Jablickar amatsogolera :) zikomo
Ndi nkhani yabwino kwambiri pa Jablickari chaka chino. Ndipo mu CV ya SJ munalibe ngakhale kachigawo kakang'ono kachidziwitso choperekedwa apa. Zikomo!
Dikirani, ndiye iPhone yoyamba idagwiritsa kale Gorilla, kapena chiyani? Apo ayi, nkhani yaikulu. :)
Ziri choncho. Iwo adasintha kuchokera ku pulasitiki kupita ku Gorilla Glass mphindi yomaliza.
Nkhani yabwino :D…. Ndani akudziwa ngati ali ndi iphone 5 gorilla glass 2???
Nkhani yabwino kwambiri! Zikomo!
Ndizo ndendende zomwe ndikuyembekezera komanso chifukwa chake ndabwera kuno. Mochulukirachulukira, chonde!
Nkhani yabwino! Zina mwa izi ndipo ndidzamenya pamaso pa mkonzi ndi womasulira!
Ndimasirira kuti panthawi yomwe tsamba lililonse la "zambiri" likuyang'ana zithunzi zosasindikizidwa za Kate (ngakhale ma seva apanyumba adayiwala za Iveta Bartošová kwa masiku angapo!), Jablíčkář amabweretsa nkhani zodziwitsa. Zikomo! :-)
Frodo
Zikomo chifukwa chankhani yabwino, pitilizani.
Nkhani yabwino! Ndinawerenga nthawi imodzi :-), ngati nkhani yofufuza bwino (kapena nthano za sayansi, hehe)
Zikomo!
Zikomo kwambiri chifukwa cha nkhani yabwino, ndikuganiza kuti ndikofunikira kuyika nthawi yanu kuti mugone pa chinthu chamtengo wapatali.
nkhani yabwino! Zikomo!
O, tsopano ndadabwa kwambiri!
Apanso, wina adzandiuza kuti: "Nthawi zonse ndi foni yopusa!".
Mwanjira ina, m'nkhani yolembedwa bwino kwambiri, ndikusowa gawo la fa Corning la zida za USAF. Kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 60, apereka galasi lawo lamoto kumalo enaake a kutsogolo kwa ndege zankhondo kuti awonjezere chitetezo cha oyendetsa ndege, mwachitsanzo, pakakhala kugunda ndi mbalame, komanso kumenyana ndi mizinga, ndipo ngati sindikulakwitsa, asonkhanitsa zambiri ndi zochitika pano za chitukuko ndi kupanga zipangizozi. Ndipo momwe zimachitikira, zidatenga zaka zopitilira 50 kuti matekinoloje awa afike kwa anthu wamba.
Nkhani yabwino, pitilizani :-)
Chabwino, nkhani yolembedwa mwaluso kwambiri, ...hats off, zikomo.
Jenda Pilsenský
Mulungu article!! BTW galasi la Willow ndilosangalatsa ... Ndili ndi chidwi chowona momwe limakhalira poyesera kufota ngati kuli ngati chojambula cha malata;) ndi momwe zimakhalira ndi kukana kukanika.