Chosankha Apple Malingaliro a kampani Apple Inc. idakhazikitsidwa mu 1976, kenako Apple Computer. M’kupita kwa zaka 37, amuna asanu ndi aŵiri anasinthana kukhala mutu wawo, kuchokera kwa Michael Scott kupita kwa Tim Cook. Dzina lodziwika kwambiri mosakayikira ndi Steve Jobs, papita zaka ziwiri kuchokera pomwe adachoka kupita kumalo osakira kosatha lero ...
1977-1981: Michael "Scotty" Scott
Popeza palibe Steve-woyambitsa (Jobs kapena Wozniak) anali ndi zaka kapena luso lomanga kampani yeniyeni, wochita bizinesi wamkulu woyamba Mike Markkula adatsimikizira mkulu wa zopangapanga ku National Semiconductors (kampani yomwe tsopano ili ku Texas Instruments) Michael Scott kuti atenge izi. udindo .
Anatenga udindowu ndi chikumbumtima chake pamene, atangofika kumene, analetsa kugwiritsa ntchito makina otayipira pakampani yonseyo, kotero kuti kampaniyo ipereke chitsanzo m’masiku oyambirira a kupititsa patsogolo makompyuta aumwini. Muulamuliro wake, Apple II yodziwika bwino, kholo la makompyuta onse omwe timawadziwa lero, idayamba kupangidwa.
Komabe, sanathe ntchito yake ku Apple mosangalala kwambiri pamene adathamangitsa antchito 1981 a Apple mu 40, kuphatikizapo theka la gulu lomwe likugwira ntchito pa Apple II. Iye adateteza kusunthaku ndi kuchotsedwa kwawo ntchito m'magulu. Pamsonkhano wotsatira wa ogwira ntchito pa mowa, adati:
Ndanena kuti ndikatopa kukhala CEO wa Apple, ndisiya. Koma ndasintha maganizo - ndikasiya zosangalatsa, ndimachotsa anthu ntchito mpaka zitakhalanso zosangalatsa.
Pamawu awa, adatsitsidwa paudindo wachiwiri kwa purezidenti, pomwe analibe mphamvu. Scott adapuma pantchito pa Julayi 10, 1981.
Pakati pa 1983 ndi 1988 adayendetsa kampani yachinsinsi ya Starstruck. Amayesa kupanga roketi yowulutsidwa ndi nyanja yomwe imatha kuyika ma satelayiti munjira.
Zamtengo wapatali zamitundumitundu zidakhala zokonda za Scott. Anakhala katswiri pa nkhaniyi, analemba buku lonena za iwo, ndipo anasonkhanitsa zosonkhanitsa zomwe zinawonetsedwa ku Bowers Museum ku Santa Anna. Anathandizira pulojekiti ya Rruff, yomwe cholinga chake chinali kupanga deta yonse ya spectral kuchokera ku mchere wodziwika bwino. Mu 2012, mineral - scottyite - adatchedwa dzina lake.
1981-1983: Armas Clifford "Mike" Markkula Jr.
Wogwira ntchito nambala 3 - Mike Markkula adaganiza zobwereketsa Apple mu 1976 ndalama zomwe adapeza m'masheya monga manejala wamalonda wa Fairchild Semiconductor ndi Intel.
Ndi kuchoka kwa Scott, nkhawa zatsopano za Markkula zinayamba - kuti apeze wotsogolera wamkulu wotsatira? Iye ankadziwa kuti udindo umenewu saufuna. Anakhalabe mu udindo uwu kwakanthawi, koma mu 1982 adalandira mpeni pakhosi kuchokera kwa mkazi wake: "Pezani wina m'malo mwako nthawi yomweyo." Ndi Jobs, akukayikira kuti sanakonzekere udindo wa CEO, adatembenukira kwa Gerry Roche, mlenje wa "mutu wanzeru". Anabweretsa CEO watsopano, yemwe Jobs poyamba ankamukonda, koma kenako adamuda.
Markkula adasinthidwa pambuyo pa zaka 1997 monga wapampando wa bungweli pambuyo pobwerera kwa Jobs mu 12 ndikusiya Apple. Ntchito yake yotsatira ikupitirirabe ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa Echelon Corporation, ACM Aviation, San Jose Jet Center ndi Rana Creek Habitat Restoration. Invests in Crowd Technologies and RunRev.
Adakhazikitsanso Markkula Center for Applied Ethics ku Santa Clara University, komwe ndi director pano.
1983-1993: John Sculley
"Kodi mukufuna kukhala moyo wanu wonse kugulitsa madzi abwino, kapena mukufuna kusintha dziko?" Ichi chinali chiganizo chomwe pamapeto pake chinapangitsa mutu wa PepsiCo kuti asinthe ku Apple ndi Jobs. Onse anali okondwa za wina ndi mzake. Ntchito zomwe zimaseweredwa pamalingaliro: "Ndikuganiza kuti ndiwe wa ife, ndikufuna ubwere nane kuti uzitigwirira ntchito. Ndikhoza kuphunzira zambiri kwa inu.” Ndipo Sculley adakondwera: “Ndinaona kuti ndikhoza kukhala mphunzitsi kwa wophunzira wabwino kwambiri. Ndinamuwona pagalasi lamalingaliro anga monga momwe ndinaliri pamene ndinali wamng'ono. Inenso ndinali wosaleza mtima, wouma khosi, wodzikuza komanso wopupuluma. Maganizo anga anaphulika ndi malingaliro, nthawi zambiri ndikutaya china chirichonse. Ndipo sindinkalekerera anthu amene analephera kukwaniritsa zofuna zanga.”
Vuto lalikulu loyamba mu mgwirizano wawo linabwera ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa Macintosh. Kompyutayo poyamba imayenera kukhala yotsika mtengo, koma mtengo wake unakwera kufika pa madola a 1995, omwe anali denga la Ntchito. Koma Sculley adaganiza zokweza mtengowo mpaka $2495. Ntchito zikanakhoza kumenyana ndi zonse zomwe iye ankafuna, koma mtengo wowonjezereka unakhalabe womwewo. Ndipo iye sanagwirizane nazo zimenezo. Nkhondo yaikulu yotsatira pakati pa Sculley ndi Jobs inali yoposa malonda a Macintosh (1984 ad), omwe Jobs potsiriza adapambana ndipo malonda ake adathamanga pamasewera a mpira. Pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Macintosh, Ntchito zinapeza mphamvu zambiri pakampani komanso pa Sculley. Sculley ankakhulupirira ubwenzi wawo, ndipo Jobs, yemwe mwina ankakhulupiriranso ubwenzi umenewo, anamugwiritsa ntchito mwachiphamaso.
Ndi kuchepa kwa malonda a Macintosh kunatsika kwa Jobs. Mu 1985, vuto pakati pa iye ndi Sculley linafika pamutu, ndipo Jobs anachotsedwa pa udindo wa utsogoleri wa gawo la Macintosh. Izi, ndithudi, zinali zopweteka kwa iye, zomwe adaziwona ngati kusakhulupirika kwa Sculley. Wina, nthawi ino nkhonya yotsimikizirika, inadza pamene mu May 1985 Sculley anamuuza kuti akumuchotsa pa udindo wa tcheyamani wa Apple. Kotero Sculley anatenga kampani ya Jobs kutali.
Pansi pa baton ya Sculley, Apple idapanga PowerBook ndi System 7, yomwe idatsogola Mac OS. Magazini ya MacAddict idatchulanso zaka za 1989-1991 ngati "zaka zoyamba zagolide za Macintosh". Mwa zina, Sculley anapanga PDA (Personal digital assistant); Apple idatcha Newton PDA yoyamba yomwe inali isanakwane nthawi yake. Anasiya Apple mu theka lachiwiri la 1993 atayambitsa luso lokwera mtengo kwambiri komanso losapambana - makina opangira opaleshoni omwe akuyenda pa microprocessor yatsopano, PowerPC. Pokumbukira, Jobs adanena kuti kuthamangitsidwa ku Apple chinali chinthu chabwino kwambiri chomwe chikanamuchitikira. Kotero wogulitsa madzi abwino sanali chisankho choipa pambuyo pa zonse. Michael Spindler adalowa m'malo mwake mu kasamalidwe ka Apple atachoka.
1993-1996: Michael Spindler
Michael Spindler adabwera ku Apple kuchokera ku European Division ya Intel mu 1980 ndipo kudzera m'maudindo osiyanasiyana (mwachitsanzo, Purezidenti wa Apple Europe) adafika paudindo wa director wamkulu pambuyo pa John Sculley. Iye ankatchedwa "dizilo" - anali wamtali ndipo anakhala kwa nthawi yaitali ntchito. Mike Markkula, yemwe amamudziwa kuchokera ku Intel, adanena za iye iye ndi m'modzi mwa anthu anzeru kwambiri omwe amawadziwa. Zinali pakulimbikitsa kwa Markkula kuti Spindler pambuyo pake adalumikizana ndi Apple ndikuyiyimira ku Europe.
Kupambana kwake kwakukulu panthawiyo kunali pulogalamu ya KanjiTalk, yomwe inachititsa kuti alembe zilembo za Chijapani. Izi zinayambitsa malonda a rocket a Macs ku Japan.
Anasangalala ndi gawo la ku Ulaya, ngakhale kuti linali chiyambi chomwe anali asanagwirepo ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, vuto limodzi linali malipiro - Spindler sanalipidwe pafupifupi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi chifukwa Apple sankadziwa momwe angasamutsire ndalamazo kuchokera ku Canada kupita ku Belgium, kumene kuli likulu la ku Ulaya. Anakhala mutu wa Europe panthawi yokonzanso ku Apple (panthawiyo Ntchito inali itapita kale). Zinali zosankha zachilendo chifukwa Spindler anali katswiri waluso koma woyang'anira woyipa. Izi sizinakhudze ubale wake ndi Sculley, iwo anapitiriza kukhala abwino kwambiri. Gaseé (gawo la Macintosh) ndi Loren (mtsogoleri wa Apple USA) adapikisana nayenso kuti akhale mtsogoleri wamkulu ku Apple. Koma onse adakhazikitsidwa chifukwa chamavuto am'mphepete mwa ma Mac atsopano.
Spindler anasangalala ndi nthawi yake yodziwika ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa mzere wa makompyuta a Power Macintosh mu 1994, koma kuthandizira kwake pa lingaliro lopanga Macintosh kunali kopanda phindu kwa Apple.
Monga CEO, Spindler adapanganso zambiri ku Apple. Anachotsa antchito pafupifupi 2500, pafupifupi 15 peresenti ya ogwira ntchito, ndikukonzanso kampaniyo. Chokhacho chomwe chatsalira pa Apple yakale chinali Applesoft, gulu lomwe limayang'anira kupanga makina ogwiritsira ntchito. Anaganizanso kuti Apple iyenera kugwira ntchito m'misika yaying'ono yofunikira osati kupita kwina kulikonse. Koposa zonse, ankafuna kusunga SoHo - maphunziro ndi kunyumba. Koma kukonzedwanso sikunabala zipatso. Kuchotsedwako ntchito kunapangitsa kuti kotala zisawonongeke pafupifupi $10 miliyoni, ndipo kuchotsedwa kwa phindu la ogwira ntchito (olipidwa olimba ndi canteen zomwe poyamba zinali zaulere) kunapangitsa kuti mtima wa ogwira ntchito ukhale pansi. Okonza mapulogalamuwa anakonza "bomba" lotchedwa "Spindler's List" lomwe limasonyeza mndandanda wa anthu omwe anathamangitsidwa pakompyuta kwa antchito onse a kampani. Ngakhale idakwanitsa kuwonjezera gawo lake lonse pamsika pakapita nthawi, mu 1996 Apple inali pansi kachiwiri ndi 4 peresenti ya msika. Spindler adayamba kukambirana ndi Sun, IBM, ndi Phillips kuti agule Apple, koma sizinaphule kanthu. Uwu unali udzu womaliza wa board ya kampaniyo - Spindler adachotsedwa ntchito ndikusinthidwa ndi Gil Amelio.
1996-1997: Gil Amelio
Mwaona, Apple ili ngati ngalawa yodzazidwa ndi chuma koma yabowo. Ndipo ntchito yanga ndi yoti aliyense azipalasa njira imodzi.
Gil Amelio, yemwe adalumikizana ndi Apple kuchokera ku National Semiconductor, mosakayikira anali CEO wa Apple wanthawi yochepa kwambiri m'mbiri ya kampaniyo. Kuyambira 1994, adakhala membala wa board of director ku Apple. Koma ntchito yake pakampani ya apulo sinali yopambana. Kampaniyo inataya ndalama zokwana madola biliyoni imodzi ndipo mtengo wa magawowo unatsika ndi 80 peresenti. Gawo limodzi linali kugulitsidwa $14 yokha. Kuwonjezera pa mavuto azachuma, Amelio adayeneranso kuthana ndi mavuto ena - mankhwala otsika kwambiri, chikhalidwe chamakampani oipa, makamaka machitidwe osagwira ntchito. Izi ndizovuta kwambiri kwa bwana watsopano wa kampaniyo. Amelio anayesa kuthetsa vutoli mwanjira iliyonse, kuphatikiza kugulitsa Apple kapena kugula kampani ina yomwe ingapulumutse Apple. Ntchito ya Amelia ikugwirizana kwambiri ndi munthu yemwe adawonekeranso pamalopo panthawiyi ndipo pamapeto pake adadzudzula chifukwa cha kuchotsedwa kwake pa udindo wa mutu wa kampani - ndi Steve Jobs.
Ntchito momveka ankafuna kubwerera ku kampani yake ndipo adawona Amelia ngati munthu woyenera kumuthandiza pobwerera. Chotero pang’onopang’ono anakhala munthu amene Amelio ankakambirana naye pa sitepe iliyonse, motero anayandikira ku cholinga chake. Gawo lotsatira, gawo lofunikira kwambiri, muzoyesayesa zake zidachitika pomwe Apple idagula Jobs 'NeXT molamulidwa ndi Amelia. Ntchito, monyinyirika poyang'ana koyamba, idakhala "mlangizi wodziyimira pawokha". Panthawiyo, adanenabe kuti sadzatsogolera Apple. Chabwino, ndi zomwe ananena mwalamulo. Pa 4/7/1997, nthawi ya Amelio ku Apple inatha motsimikizika. Jobs adalimbikitsa gulu kuti limuchotse. Anakwanitsa kuponya cholemera ngati Newton kuchokera m'sitima yapamadzi, yomwe inali ndi dzenje, koma Captain Jobs anali kale pa helm.
1997-2011: Steve Jobs
Steve Jobs sanamalize maphunziro a Reed ndipo ndi mmodzi mwa omwe anayambitsa Apple Inc., yomwe inabadwira mu garaja ya Silicon Valley mu 1976. Makompyuta anali chizindikiro cha Apple (ndi sitima yokhayo). Steve Wozniak ndi gulu lake ankadziwa kupanga izo, Steve Jobs ankadziwa kugulitsa iwo. Nyenyezi yake ikukwera mofulumira, koma adachotsedwa ku kampani yake pambuyo pa kulephera kwa kompyuta ya Macintosh. Mu 1985, adayambitsa kampani yatsopano, NEXT Computer, yomwe idagulidwa ndi Apple mu 1997, yomwe inkafunika, mwa zina, njira yatsopano yogwiritsira ntchito. NEXT's NEXTSTEP motero inakhala maziko ndi chilimbikitso cha Mac OS X. Patatha chaka chimodzi pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa NEXT, Jobs adagula magawo ambiri mu situdiyo ya filimu Pixar, yomwe idapanga makanema ojambula a Disney. Jobs ankakonda ntchitoyi, koma pamapeto pake adakonda Apple. Mu 2006, Disney pamapeto pake adagula Pstrong, ndipo Jobs adakhala wogawana nawo komanso membala wa board of director a Disney.
Ngakhale Steve Jobs asanayambe kulamulira ku Apple mu 1997, ngakhale ngati "CEO wa nthawi yochepa," mkulu wa zachuma pakampaniyo, Fred D. Anderson, adakhala ngati CEO. Ntchito zinakhala ngati mlangizi kwa Anderson ndi ena, akupitiriza kusintha kampaniyo m'chifanizo chake. Mwalamulo, amayenera kukhala mlangizi kwa miyezi itatu mpaka Apple itapeza CEO watsopano. M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, Jobs anathamangitsa mamembala onse kusiyapo aŵiri—Ed Woolard, amene amamlemekezadi, ndi Gareth Chang, yemwe anali ziro m’maso mwake. Ndi kusamuka uku, adapeza mpando pa board of directors ndipo adayamba kudzipereka kwathunthu ku Apple.
Jobs anali wolimbikira wonyansa, wokonda kuchita zinthu mwangwiro komanso wodabwitsa m'njira yakeyake. Anali wouma mtima ndi wosanyengerera, nthaŵi zambiri anali kukhala wankhanza kwa antchito ake ndi kuwachititsa manyazi. Koma iye anali ndi lingaliro la tsatanetsatane, la mitundu, la kupanga, la kalembedwe. Anali wokondwa, ankakonda ntchito yake, anali wotanganidwa kupanga zonse kukhala zangwiro momwe angathere. Pansi pa lamulo lake, iPod, iPhone, iPad, ndi makompyuta angapo a MacBook adapangidwa. Anatha kukopa anthu, onse ndi umunthu wake wabwino komanso - koposa zonse - ndi mankhwala ake. Chifukwa cha iye, Apple inawombera pamwamba, kumene idakalipo mpaka lero. Ngakhale ndi mtundu wamtengo wapatali, umayimiridwa ndi ungwiro, tsatanetsatane wokonzedwa bwino komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino. Ndipo makasitomala amasangalala kulipira zonsezi. Imodzi mwa ma motto ambiri a Jobs inali "Ganizirani mosiyana". Apple ndi zogulitsa zake zitha kuwoneka kuti zikutsatira mwambi uwu ngakhale Jobs atachoka. Anasiya kukhala CEO mu 2011 chifukwa cha zovuta zaumoyo. Anamwalira ndi khansa ya pancreatic pa October 5, 10.
2011-pano: Tim Cook
Timothy "Tim" Cook ndi munthu amene Jobs adasankha kukhala wolowa m'malo mwake ngakhale asanatuluke komaliza mu 2011. Cook adagwirizana ndi Apple mu 1998, panthawiyo ankagwira ntchito ku Compaq Computers. M'mbuyomu komanso kwa IBM ndi Intelligent Electronics. Anayamba ku Apple ngati wamkulu wachiwiri kwa purezidenti padziko lonse lapansi. Mu 2007, adakwezedwa kukhala Chief Operating Officer (COO) wa kampaniyo. Kuyambira nthawiyi mpaka Jobs atachoka ku 2011, Cook ankamulembera nthawi zonse pamene Jobs akuchira kuchokera kumodzi mwa maopaleshoni ake.
Tim Cook anachokera ku maoda, omwe anali ndendende maphunziro omwe tinkafunikira. Ndinazindikira kuti timaona zinthu mofanana. Ndidayendera mafakitole ambiri omwe adangochitika nthawi yomweyo ku Japan ndikudzipangira ndekha ya Mac komanso ya NEXT. Ndinadziwa zomwe ndimafuna ndipo ndinakumana ndi Tim nayenso amafuna zomwezo. Choncho tinayamba kugwirira ntchito limodzi ndipo sipanapite nthawi yaitali kuti ndikhulupirire kuti akudziwa bwino zoyenera kuchita. Anali ndi masomphenya ofanana ndi ine, titha kuyanjana pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri, ndimatha kuyiwala zinthu zambiri, koma adandithandizira. (Ntchito pa Cook)
Mosiyana ndi Jobs, CEO wapano ndi wodekha ndipo sawonetsa zambiri zamalingaliro ake. Iye si ntchito zodziwikiratu, koma monga mukuwonera mu ndemangayi, amagawana malingaliro omwewo pazamalonda ndipo amafuna zinthu zomwezo. Ndicho chifukwa chake Jobs adayika Apple m'manja mwa Cook, yemwe adamuwona ngati munthu yemwe angapitirize masomphenya ake, ngakhale kuti akhoza kuchita mosiyana. Mwachitsanzo, kutengeka mtima kwa Jobs ndi zinthu zonse zoonda kudakhalabe khalidwe la Apple ngakhale atachoka. Monga Cook mwiniwake adanena: “Nthaŵi zonse ankakhulupirira kuti chowonda n’chokongola. Zitha kuwoneka m'ntchito zake zonse. Tili ndi laputopu yopyapyala kwambiri, foni yam'manja yowonda kwambiri, ndipo tikupanga iPad kukhala yowonda komanso yowonda. ” Ndizovuta kunena momwe Steve Jobs angakhudzire momwe kampani yake ikukhalira komanso zomwe amapanga. Koma mutu wake waukulu "Ganizirani mosiyana" akadali amoyo ku Apple ndipo zikuwoneka ngati zikhala kwa nthawi yayitali. Choncho, mwina tinganene kuti Tim Cook, amene Jobs anasankha, anali kusankha bwino.
Nkhani yabwino, zikomo chifukwa chake. Sindikumvetsa chiganizochi: "Pansi pa Sculley, Apple inapanga PowerBook ndi System 7, yomwe inali yoyamba ya Mac OS.".
Ndimayang'ana ma disks anga asanu ndi atatu oyambirira a Macintosh Classic, ndipo onse ali ndi logo ya Mac OS ndi "zisanu ndi ziwiri" mu rectangle yakuda. Mwina mumatanthawuza kutsogola kwa OS-X, chifukwa ngakhale "eyiti" ndi "zisanu ndi zinayi" adatchulidwa kuti Mac OS.
...kungowonjezera, sindimadya eyiti ndi zisanu ndi zinayi... koma ngakhale OS X idayendetsedwa ndi MacOS X, tangoyang'anani Leopard kapena Panther ... OS X yokha idawonekera ndikuganiza ndi SnowLeopard ....
Ndikuganiza kuti popeza Mountain Lion, "OS X" inali m'malo mwa "Mac OS X".
Koma nthawi imeneyo inkangotchedwa System 7. Ndiye ndikuganiza kuti inali System 7.5. Ndimakumbukira bwino kuchokera ku diskettes, ndi zina zotero, chifukwa ndinasokonezeka pang'ono ndi kusintha kwa dzina. Matchulidwe a Mac OS adayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuzungulira Mac OS 8. Mwa njira, yesani kuyika "About This Macintosh" pa Classic yanu :-)